What is the difference between brassica rapa and brassica napus

Erickson et al. Allender and King concluded that multiple hybridization events including different maternal genotypes may be the reason for this. Results from the present study also show that transferability of primer pairs from different material groups is limited, because of lack of amplification null alleles , lack of polymorphism and the occurrence of doubtful results. Furthermore, ranges of allele sizes found in the present study deviated partly from allele sizes reported in other work using the same primer pairs.

An increased mutation rate of chloroplast microsatellite markers could perhaps explain to some extend the development of a separate B. However, considering the results published so far, it is questionable if chloroplast microsatellite markers are the right choice for quickly determining the cytoplasmic origin of oilseed rape genotypes.

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Exeter software, Setauket, New York. Sasaki Y, Nagano Y Plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase: structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and gene manipulation for plant breeding.

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In: Tsunoda S. Brassica Crops and Wild Allies. Sharafi Y. Oil content and fatty acids composition in Brassica species. Food Prop. Present state and prospects of breeding rapeseed Brassica napus with a maximum erucic acid content for industrial applications. Fat Sci. Seed Chemistry. Nieschlag H.

Industrial uses of high erucic oils. Oil Chem. Kramer J. Gupta S. Rizzo W. Dietary erucic acid therapy for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Moser H. Sasongko N. Toward increasing erucic acid content in oil seed rape Brassica napus L. Downey R. Brassica oilseed breeding-achievements and opportunities.

Plant Breed. Relationships among Brassica napus L. Crop Evol. The nabicol: A horticultural crop in nortwestern Spain. Variation of glucosinolates and nutritional value in nabicol Brassica napus pabularia group Euphytica. Padilla G. Genetic diversity in a germplasm collection of Brassica rapa subsp rapa L. Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica rapa. Variation in glucosinolate and mineral content in Galician germplasm of Brassica rapa L.

Acta Hortic. De Haro A. April ; pp. These two genes were significantly highly expressed in the high-erucic acid cultivar, suggesting that FAE1 silencing is an important contributor to reduced seed erucic acid content. Based on vernalization requirement, B.

The original B. To identify candidate genes responsible for ecotype improvement, we scanned the selection outliers using the winter ecotype as the control and the spring and semi-winter ecotypes as derived groups Fig. Comparisons between B. The majority of selection regions were located in the C subgenome, and only 32 and 21 were distributed on the A subgenome, respectively, suggesting that ecotype improvement was mainly caused by asymmetrical subgenomic selection.

Besides, outlier windows corresponding to 72 selection regions were overlapped between two ecotype improvement analyses, these parallel selection signals might contribute to local adaption of B. Genes in the ecotype improvement selection regions were over-represented in maintenance of floral organ identity GO , floral organ abscission GO , and regulation of floral meristem growth GO , suggesting that these SSI-selection signals might be critical for local environmental adaptation of B.

We retrieved genes related to flowering time in A. Among the 24 flowering-time genes simultaneously located within outlier regions of the two comparisons Fig. In particular, the FLC locus and its chromatin-mediated regulators will be the most promising targets for regulating flowering time of B.

A recent study reported that different FLC paralogs contribute differentially to natural variation in B. C2 generated early-flowering B.

These results further confirmed the importance of FLC during ecotype improvement. Genes involved in chromatin modification also experienced extensive selection for ecotype improvement, via regulation of FLC expression Fig.

These results suggest that epigenetic variations, especially histone modifications involved in regulating FLC expression, are closely associated with flowering time in B.

These genes therefore represent promising regulatory targets in future B. Seed oil content may have been greatly improved during the FSI of B.

In these overlapping regions, two genes were involved in fatty acid synthesis, one in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, and seven in fatty acid elongation. For example, KASI on chromosome A02 Supplementary Data 20 and 23 encodes a protein that may be crucial for fatty acid synthesis and also plays a role in chloroplast division and embryo development Mutation of Arabidopsis KASI disrupted embryo development and dramatically reduced fatty acid levels in seeds.

We detected three loci significantly associated with silique length. The peak of significant SNP-trait associations was located at We also identified two pairs of parallel SSI-selection signals in double-low B. Hence, manipulating genes associated with seed oil content and seed yield within the SSI-selection signals and of candidate genes identified by GWAS should have practical applications in B. In this study, we developed a large genome variation data set for genetically diverse B.

Based on aforementioned analyses, we posit that the B. The B. In addition, the LD and demographic analyses support that the original B. These results are consistent with historical records, which indicate that spring B. In recent years, gene flow from two progenitors into B. Previous archeological and linguistic lines of evidence suggest that turnip is likely the first domesticated B.

A recent demographic inference further supported an eastward series of B. Since the estimated origin times of B. Sampling of more wild B. Noting prior evidence that the maternal ancestor of B. Furthermore, the improvement of oil accumulation in B. This is similar to the history of upland cotton, whose D-subgenome-specific selection led to prolonged fiber elongation in cultivated cottons 47 , suggesting that asymmetrical subgenomic selection may often occur during the FSI.

Artificial breeding of B. Combining this information with GWAS results and previous QTL information, we identified a number of outlier regions and candidate genes associated with seed yield, seed oil, glucosinolate, and erucic acid contents and flowering time. Similarly, improvement of seed quality due to subgenome parallel selection was also observed during the artificial selection of B. Our study provides a valuable resource for understanding the origin and improvement history of B. The significant SNPs associated with favorable variants, selection signals, and candidate genes will be a valuable resource for further improving the yield, seed quality, oil content, and adaptability of this recent allopolyploid crop and its relatives.

The diversity panel used in this study comprised B. Based on growth habit records, these materials were divided into three ecotypes; spring 86 accessions , winter 74 accessions , and semi-winter accessions. As there is no precise definition for the B. Detailed information of the accessions is listed in Supplementary Table 1. Prior to sequencing and phenotyping, all B.

Genomic DNA was extracted from the two youngest leaves on a single plant of each accession. Library preparation and sequencing were carried out at the Biomarker Technologies Corporation Beijing, China. Two biological replicates for 20 accessions were selected for whole-genome resequencing to assess the accuracy of sequencing in this study.

The resequencing data for B. Low-quality bases from paired-reads were trimmed using Trimmomatic version 0. To investigate the origin of B. Filtered B. Local realignment, duplicate read marking, and base quality recalibration for the alignment results were further processed sequentially using Picard release 2.

To reveal the original subtaxa of B. We mapped the B. Then, the SNPs retrieved from the B. The reliability of the ML trees was estimated using the ultrafast bootstrap approach UFboot with replicates. We inferred the population structure of 50 B. Each K value, as a putative number of populations set from 1 to 10, was obtained with five independent runs. The length of the burn-in period and number of MCMC replications after burn-in were set to 50, and ,, respectively. To assess whether the B.

Five and seven models Supplementary Figs. To ensure convergence, we ran fastsimcoal2 50 times, and kept the run that resulted in the highest log likelihood for each model. The best model with the maximum likelihood was retained.

The best fitting model was selected with the highest log-likelihood under the best-fit parameter set. To better understand the original form of B. In the demographic analyses, generation estimates were inferred by assuming that the upper and lower mutation rates were 1. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Open-pollinated seeds were harvested from five randomly selected plants for measurements of seed yield per plant SY and silique length SL. The fatty acids palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid, and erucic acid were quantified by gas liquid chromatography, according to a previous report All the output results of ROD and F ST were standardized and transformed into z -scores using a kb sliding window with a kb step size.

In the two programs, all the Bna SNPs were assigned genetic positions based on a published genetic map. Candidate genes involved in the domestication B. The improvement signals were detected based on the Bna SNP set and the following three pairwise comparisons: first, B. Pedigree and reference information were not used in the imputation procedure. Imputation accuracy was estimated using two measures.

One is the comparison of the imputation results of 19 polymorphic nucleotides with the corresponding Sanger sequencing results Supplementary Data Missing SNPs in the true genotypes were excluded when calculating the correlations.

The best linear unbiased prediction BLUP for each investigated trait of each accession was obtained using an R script www. The resulting values were used as phenotypes for the association analysis. Significant 0. To identify reliable significant association signals in our GWAS, only LD blocks containing at least one significant and one suggestive SNPs were regarded as significant loci.

Total RNA was isolated from 11 tissues of two representative accessions with different oil contents and seed qualities Zhongshuang11, a high-oil-content, double-low accession; and Zhongyou, a low-oil-content, double-high accession. Seeds Se and silique pericarps SP on the main inflorescence were harvested 7, 10, 15, and 45 days after flowering.

For each sample, two biological replicates, each replicate obtained from three independent plants, were pooled for transcriptome sequencing.

Filtered reads were then mapped to the B. Gene expression levels were quantified by the cuffquant program in terms of fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads FPKM Gene ontology GO terms for all B. The resulting P -values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the method of Benjamini and Hochberg. To avoid overestimation, tandem-duplicated genes in the outlier regions were filtered before the GO enrichment analysis.

Further information on experimental design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. The source data underlying Figs. Data supporting the findings of this work are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. A reporting summary for this Article is available as a Supplementary Information files. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study and the plant materials used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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